Machine learning empowered COVID-19 patient monitoring using non-contact sensing:An extensive review / 药物分析学报

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which caused the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,has affected more than 400 million people worldwide.With the recent rise of new Delta and Omicron variants,the efficacy of the vaccines has become an important question.The goal of various studies has been to limit the spread of the virus by utilizing wireless sensing technologies to prevent human-to-human interactions,particularly for healthcare workers.In this paper,we discuss the current literature on invasive/contact and non-invasive/non-contact technologies(including Wi-Fi,radar,and software-defined radio)that have been effectively used to detect,diagnose,and monitor human activities and COVID-19 related symptoms,such as irregular respiration.In addition,we focused on cutting-edge machine learning algorithms(such as generative adversarial networks,random forest,multilayer perceptron,support vector machine,extremely randomized trees,and k-nearest neighbors)and their essential role in intelligent healthcare systems.Furthermore,this study highlights the limitations related to non-invasive techniques and prospective research directions.

Gender differences in the risk of coronary artery disease in Iran

Given gender differences in the risk of coronary artery disease [CAD], the present study sought to investigate these dissimilarities amongst patients who underwent angiography at a major, tertiary heart hospital in Iran. Between 2005 and 2010, 44,820 patients who underwent coronary angiography were enrolled in a registry. Pre-procedural data such as demographics, CAD risk factors, presenting symptoms, and laboratory tests, as well as post-procedural data were collected. The data were, subsequently, compared between the men and women. Out of the 44,820 patients [16,378 women], who underwent coronary angiography, 37,358 patients [11,995 women] had CAD. Amongst the CAD patients, the females were not only significantly older, less educated, and more overweight than were the males but also had higher levels of triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and fasting blood sugar [P< 0.001]. Of all the risk factors, hypertension and diabetes mellitus showed the strongest association in our female CAD patients [OR=3.45, 95%CI: 3.28-3.61 and OR=2.37, 95%CI: 2.26-2.48, respectively]. Acute coronary syndrome was more prevalent in the men [76.1% vs. 68.6%, P< 0.001], and chronic stable angina was more frequent in the females [31.4% vs. 23.9%, P< 0.001]. With respect to post-procedural recommendations, the frequency of recommendations for non-invasive modalities was higher in the females [20.1% vs. 18.6%, P< 0.001] Hypertension and diabetes mellitus had the strongest association with CAD in our female patients. In the extensive CAD patients, medical treatment was recommended to the women more often

Epidemiology of dental fluorosis in 7-10 years old students attending to community dentistry center of zahedan

Dental fluorosis is a kind of hypoplasia, enamel and dentin deficiency due to fluoride overuse. Since there is little known about this important dental problem in Southeast area in Iran we designed an analytic descriptive study to estimate the dental flurosis prevalence in 7-10 years old students. Three hundred thirty four [334] children attending to community dentistry center during year 2006, were studied to evaluate the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Dental index [fluorosis rates] identified by a trained dentist. Criteria for definite diagnosis were existence of enamel defects with spread bilaterally and symmetrically. Children with hyperplasia tetracycline -induced, acute febrile illness in childhood and fêtai birth dental defects [Dentinogenesis imperfecta, Amelogensis imperfect] were excluded from this study. The prevalence of dental flurosis estimated to be 30.8 percent in this sample. Dental fluorosis protests in the subjects were so: enamel opacities [70. 6%]/discoloration [l 4.2%], pit [1.36%], enamel opacities and discoloration [l 2.9%]/enamel opacities and pit [1%]. Superior anterior teeth were the most effected by fluorosis. There are significant difference in dental fluorosis between boys and girls [P=0.004], and intensity was higher in boys [37.5% versus 22.6%]. fluorosis pattern no clear difference in both sexes [P=0.27]. The prevalence of fluorosis was estimated 30.8% and intensity was higher in boys in Zahedan. Therefore it is essentiel that fluoride source and amount of fluoridation of drinking water be considered in Zahedan city

In vitro larvicidal potential against Anopheles stephensi and antioxidative enzyme activities of Ginkgo biloba, Stevia rebaudiana and Parthenium hysterophorous

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate in vitro larvicidal and antioxidant enzymes potential of the medicinal plants Ginkgo biloba (G. biloba), Stevia rebaudiana (S. rebaudiana) and Parthenium hysterophorous (P. hysterophorous) against Anopheles stephensi (An. stephensi) 4th instars larvae.@*METHODS@#For evaluation of larvicidal potential, the ethanolic, methanolic and dichloromethane leaves extracts of three different plants were used in dose-dependent experiments in two media, while the antioxidant enzymes activities were investigated using four different methods viz., superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate and catalase.@*RESULTS@#An. stephensi has developed resistance to various synthetic insecticides, making its control increasingly difficult. The comparative performance of ethanolic extracts (65%-90%) was found better than the methanolic extract (70%-87%) and dichloromethane extract (60%-70%). Among the three plants extracts tested in two media, S. rebaudiana exhibited higher larvicidal activity with LC(50) (24 h) in methanolic extract than P. hysterophorous and G. biloba. G. biloba and P. hysterophorous exhibited the strongest antioxidative enzymes activity and S. rebaudiana were less active and no significant difference was observed.@*CONCLUSIONS@#These three plants exhibit larvicidal potential and can be further used for vector control alternative to synthetic insecticide due to eco-friendly and diseases control, furthermore these plant species have potent antioxidative enzyme activities, therefore, making them strong natural candidate particularly for diseases which are caused due to free radicals.

Comparison of plaque removal efficacy of new and 3-month-old toothbrushes in children

The cost of replacing toothbrushes at frequent intervals may be prohibitive in underdeveloped countries. The objective of this study in Tehran was to compare the plaque removal efficacy of new and 3-month-old toothbrushes in children. In a randomized, crossover study, 93 children aged 7-9 years old received a new manual toothbrush to use twice per day for 3 months. Plaque scores were measured using the modified Quigley-Hein plaque index after children had brushed for 60 seconds with either a new or their used toothbrush. Bristle wear of worn brushes was assessed by measuring brushing surface areas on digital images. Compared with new brushes in the same subjects, no statistically significant differences were found for plaque score reductions for 3-month-old toothbrushes exhibiting various degrees of wear. Worn toothbrushes are equally effective as new ones for children

[ study of frequency of nasal obstruction in migraine headaches]

Nasal congestion is a problem in which many person with migraine headache are involved and can induce misdiagnosis in these patients. Many of these patients with nasal congestion believe that the cause of their headache is due to the sinusitis. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of nasal congestion in episodes of migraine headache. This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study on 131 patients which were diagnosed by neurologists based on standard criteria to have had migraine. Sampling was done through non-probability in hand method. The data were gathered with regard to age, sex, type of headache and presence of nasal congestion for each patient. They were then analyzed by chi-square and Fisher's exact test [p<0/05]. Out of 131 patients 18 [13.7%] had nasal congestion in their migraine attacks. 19.8% of patients were male and 80.2 patients were female. There was no meaningful correlation between nasal congestion in migraine patients with their sex, age and type of headache. According to the results of the study there was no meaningful correlation between the type of migraine headache [classic and non-classic] and sex and age

Diaphragmatic perforation without penetration into the peritoneum in sharp thoracoabdominal injury

In diaphragm injuries, especially those which are left sided, it is recommended to repair diaphragm perforation to prevent complications. However, we found two cases of diaphragm injuries including two 27 and 31 years old men who were injured with stab but they were not repaired at thoracoscopy. Both patients were haemodynically stable. Chest X-ray and CT-scan were not in favor of diaphragm perforation in both cases. The thoracoscopic finding was a 1.5 [case 1] and 1 cm teasing on the left diaphragm on the left muscular past of the diaphragm without penetrating into the abdominal cavity and with an intact peritoneum documented by probing. Due to intact peritoneum and absence of peritoneal signs, no further thoracotomy was performed. The patients were followed for 6 months with CXR and also physical examination. They did not develop any complication on the follow-up. In conclusion, in spite of diaphragm injuries, since peritoneum was intact in both cases, neither underwent thoracotomy which is invasive. They were asymptomatic during the 6 months of the follow up

Early outcome of concurrent mitral valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting

Concomitant coronary artery bypass surgery [CABG] in patients undergoing mitral valve replacement [MVR] has been shown to be an important risk factor for hospital mortality. We evaluated preoperative characteristics, postoperative complications, in-hospital mortality rate, and length of stay in hospital for patients undergoing concurrent CABG with MVR. Preoperative and postoperative clinical data from 175 patients undergoing concurrent CABG with MVR operation at Tehran Heart Center from 2002 through 2006 were collected and entered into a database. Information was obtained by clinical and case note review as well as detailed questionnaires to physicians and patients. Mean age of patients was 57.95 +/- 10.54 years and 51.4% were male. Mean New York Heart Association [NYHA] score was 2.46 +/- 0.84. Among studied patients, 18.3% and 2.9% underwent aortic and tricuspid valve replacement, respectively. In-hospital mortality was 6.9% and 96.0% of patients were hospitalized >/= 14 days. History of congestive heart failure [P = 0.027] and postoperative brain stroke [P = 0.004] were independent predictors for in-hospital mortality. Exact considering of congestive heart failure and postoperative brain stroke related to in-hospital mortality in concurrent CABG with MVR operation are necessary

Exercise capacity of Saudi with symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular disease in a military hospital in Western Saudi Arabia

To analyze the results of exercise tolerance test ETT of Saudi women and assess their exercise capacity. A hospital based retrospective cohort analysis was carried out on all Saudi women referred to the Cardiology Department for ETT from February 2005 to June 2007. They underwent symptom limited treadmill test according to the standard Bruce protocol with exercise electrocardiogram monitoring. One hundred and seventy-six women were included in the study. Fifty-one 31.9% patients did not achieve target heart rate. The mean age +/- SD was 48.3 +/- 9.3 years. There was no association of age, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, positive family history of ischemic heart disease IHD and hyperlipidemia to achieve target heart rate p>0.05. Exercise time was influenced by diabetes mellitus p = 0.054 and hyperlipidemia p = 0.044. The mean exercise time +/- SD was 5.15 +/- 2.63 minutes and the mean exercise capacity +/- SD was 6.29 +/- 2.52. metabolic equivalent. Sensitivity was 36.4% 95% CI 29.3-44.6, specificity 92.3% 95% CI 80.5-96.8, positive predictive value 26.7% 95% CI 21.3-31.4, negative predictive value 95.4% 95% CI 90.9-98.3, likelihood ratio for positive result was 4.7 95% CI 3.1-6.2 and likelihood ratio for negative result was 0.69 95% CI 0.48-0.81. Exercise capacity of Saudi women is less when compared to similar studies in women from other regions. Exercise tolerance test can be used to rule out presence of IHD in Saudi women, but value of a positive test is less likely to predict the presence of IHD

Acute pulmonary embolism due to rupture of pulmonary valve hydatid cyst

Cardiac hydatid cyst is rare comprising 0.5-2% of all cases. A 20-year-old man was admitted for acute pulmonary embolism. Echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed hydatid cyst of pulmonary valve annulus. The cyst was drained surgically, and the patient was discharged with oral albendazole. For fatal complications of cardiac hydatid cyst, surgery is recommended in all patients

innovative technique: ureteral stent removal by vaginal examination

Finding manual skills for special circumstances would be important both for the urologist and the patient. In this study a simple technique was examined to facilitate the removal of ureteral stent by vaginal examination in some female patients under special condition. Overall, 32 female patients [37 ureteral stent] underwent Stent Removal by Vaginal [SVR] examination technique. The patient was positioned in lithotomic position and was asked to keep her bladder semi-full. The ureteral stent in the ureteral orifice was touched by the index finger between the anterior vaginal wall and the bladder trigone; then the grasping forceps held by the other hand entered the bladder through the urethra to reach the end of the stent and pull it gently and completely. The technique was done successfully in stents. No significant side effect was observed after using SRV technique, but gross hematuria was seen in eight patients [23%]. S.R.V. technique is a simple and effective procedure that dose not require additional equipments or personnel. was more useful in elderly women with atrophic vaginitis and without cystocele

[Comparison of intramuscular syntometrine and intravenous oxytocin in management of the third stage of labor]

One of the main etiologies of maternal mortality is obstetrical hemorrhage. The first step in decreasing hemorrhage is the use of uterotonic drugs in the third stage of labor. To compare the efficacy and safety of intravenous oxytocin and intramuscular syntometrine in management of the third stage of labor. This randomized double blind clinical trial was carried out at Kosar Hospital, Qazvin [Iran] in 2005. A total of 800 women having a singleton pregnancy and vaginal delivery were randomized to receive either 1 ml of syntometrine intramuscularly, or 10 units of intravenous oxytocine following delivery of the anterior shoulder of fetus. Hemoglobin level pre- and 24 hours post-delivery, duration of third stage, need for re-administration of uterotonic drugs, need for manual removal of placenta, and unpleasant side effects including nausea, vomiting, headache and hypertension were recorded. The data were analyzed using chi-square test. Mean drop percent of hemoglobin level in oxytocin group was 3.7 +/- 2.54% and in syntometrine group 3.6+2.49% with no significant difference, statistically. There was also no statistically significant difference between the need for re-administration of uterotonic drugs, duration of third stage of labor, need for manual removal of placenta and the maternal side effect in two groups. Regarding the efficacy and side effects of intravenous oxytocin and intramuscular syntometrine, no difference was found

[ effects of hydrogen peroxide solution and tetracycline ointment in healing of traumatic facial wounds: a comparative study]

Wound repair after a surgical operation or traumatic injuries is a coordinated process, which is highly dependent to the pre- and post-operative or traumatic care. There is no consensus on the best wound care method and application of topical therapeutic agents including diluted oxygen peroxide solution and antibiotics. This study is aimed to compare the healing effects of oxygen peroxide and tetracycline ointment in management of traumatic facial injuries. 76 patients divided into two groups were entered into this randomized clinical trial. All patients sustained facial injuries requiring primary repair. The first group received 2% topical oxygen peroxide solution for 5 days, and the second group received sterile 1% tetracycline topical ointment for 5days. At the end of the fourth day, wound healing status was assessed with a chart designed for this purpose. No statistically significant difference was observed between the tetracycline and hydrogen peroxide groups in regards to the distance of wound margins, erythema and dehiscence. According to our results, there is no difference in the effects of hydrogen peroxide solution or tetracycline ointment on the healing of traumatic facial wounds

Homocysteine level in CAD patients of Iranian population

Coronary flow reserve [CFR] is defined as a maximal [hyperemic] to resting ratio of coronary blood flow. It is a physiologic parameter of coronary circulation and depends on the patency of the epicardial coronary arteries and integrity of the microvascular circulation.CFR measurement has many clinical applications including functional assessment of intermediate stenosis, detection of critical stenosis monitoring of coronary flow in the post angioplasty period, assessment of post infarct blood flow and assessment of coronary graft patency. The aim of this study was to measure CFR in the coronary sinus through the transthoracic echocardiographic approach, in patients who were candidate for coronary artery bypass graft surgery [CABG] before and one month after operation. The present study included 19 patients [mean age=56 +/- 9.1] including 15 males and 4 females, admitted for CABG. All patients had a sinus rhythm, normal wall thickness, normal RV systolic pressure, and tricuspid valvular regurgitation equal or less than grade 2. The antegrade phase of coronary flow in the coronary sinus moving into the right atrium was analyzed in two phases [systolic and diastolic]. Each wave was determined considering the peak velocity and velocity time integral [VTI]. The volumetric blood flow in the coronary sinus calculated at the baseline and then in hyperemic phase was used for determination of CFR both before and after CABG. There was a significant increase in the diameter of the coronary sinus after CABG [9.4 +/- 1.2mm] compared with that of before CABG values [8.6 +/- 1.05mm]. Also there was a trend of increasing the diameter in the hyperemic phase before and after CABG. The absolute increase in mean coronary sinus diameter was 0.5 mm before and 1.5 mm after CABG. Coronary flow reserve [CFR] was significantly higher after surgery, despite a significant increase in systolic velocity ratio [hyperemic/baseline] after CABG. This is also true for systolic velocity time integral [VTI] and diastolic VTI ratios, but there was an insignificant increase in diastolic velocity ratio. Our study in accordance with previous studies, denotes that transthoracic measurement of the coronary flow reserve can be used as a feasible and reproducible method to monitor the changes in cardiac perfusion after revascularization

[Pathologic findings in sinonasal polyposis and predisposing factors]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the pathologic findings in patients with sinonasal polyposis after functional endoscopic sinus surgery, and to assess the relationship between these findings and the predisposing factors of polyposis. This prospective study was conducted from March 2004 to November 2006 among 30 patients. All patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery after a detailed history and physical examination. The biopsy specimen were evaluated in two groups of eosinophilic and neutrophilic polyposis; then pathologic findings were compared with other findings. Overall, 20 patients [66.67%] were male and 10 [23.33%] were female. The highest frequency was seen in the 50-60-year age group. Allergic rhinitis and septal deviation were the most co-existing conditions. Eosinophilic polyposis was more prevalent than neutrophilic polyposis [18% vs. 12%, respectively, p=0. 04]. Eosinophilic polyposis was more common than neutrophilic type. Males are more frequently affected than females. Allergic diseases and nasal structural abnormalities were the most important factors associated with nasal polyposis

[Comparison of post extubation complications in 3 different states of filling endotracheal tube cuff with lidocaine 4% in elective surgery patients]

Endotracheal intubation during general anesthesia is necessary to control the ventilation of patients during surgery. Nevertheless, the endotracheal tube as an external object can stimulate the patient's airway during the emergence from general anesthesia and create different reactions and complications. To prevent these reactions, a wide variety of interventions have been examined. In this study, post-extubation endotracheal tube complications are investigated in 3 different states of lidocaine 4% for filling endotracheal tube cuffs. In this quasi-experimental clinical trial study executed in one of Shiraz hospitals during 2005-2006, 200 candidates of elective surgery being in class1 and 2 ASA were randomly divided into 4 groups [N=50]. The endotracheal tube cuffs of each group members were filled with [5-10mI] distilled water, lidocaine 4%, alkalized lidocaine 4% and warmed alkalized lidocaine 4%, respectively. The patients were observed for complications such as cough [for 6 hrs], sore throat, hoarseness [for 24 hrs] and laryngospasm [immediately] after extubation. The data were analyzed by chi square and logistic regression using SPSS. The findings revealed that the frequency of cough, sore throat and hoarseness was more in the control [distilled water] group as compared to the 2 groups of the study [alkalized lidocaine 4% and warmed alkalized lidocaine 4%]. Distilled water and lidocaine 4% groups differed significantly in only the frequency of sore throat. The odds ratio of cough, sore throat and hoarseness was just significant for the distilled water group in comparison to warmed alkalized lidocaine 4%. Furthermore the odds ratio of the above-mentioned complications was significant for the distilled water and lidocaine 4% groups in comparison to the warmed alkalized lidocaine 4% group. Among all the considered variables, the duration of tube existence in trachea was significantly effective in the frequency of complications. Filling endotracheal tube cuffs with alkalized lidocaine 4% and warmed alkalized lidocaine 4% decreases the frequency of the post-extubation complications [cough, sore throat and hoarseness]. The odds ratio for the observed complications is less in the warmed alkalized lidocaine 4% group as compared to other groups

Applications and complications of polyurethane stenting in urology

As surgeons working in a developing country, we decided to review our experience with polyurethane stents instead of the more expensive ones on common urological procedures and analyzing our experience with respect to their usefulness versus their problems and outcome. This stusy was carried out at Armed Forces Institute of Urology, Rawalpindi and Combined Military Hospital, Kharian Cantonment, Pakistan through March 2002 through May 2004. During this period 342 of patients were operated requiring stent and 220 patients out of these had polyurethane as stent material for different urological operations. Among the 220 patients who underwent polyurethane stenting, early complications included fever, infection, voiding symptoms while stent migration, encrustation and stent stiffness was encountered as later complications. The benefits of Polyurethane stents are its strength, versatility and low cost. Poor biodurability and biocompatibility only limit its use; these are reasonably effective in our setup but should only be used for short duration

Preoperative carotid artery valuation in 1045 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery

To evaluate the prevalence of significant carotid artery stenosis and its determining factors in candidates of coronary artery bypass graft [CABG] surgery. 1045 consecutive CABG candidates underwent carotid artery Doppler examination in a cross sectional study. The relation of age, gender, history of smoking and diabetes, as well as lipid profile to significant carotid stenosis was evaluated. In study subjects, mean age of 60.57 +/- 9.3 years, the prevalence of significant carotid stenosis [>60%] was 6.9%. In subjects older than 65 years the significant stenosis tolled to 12.5%. Over 50 years of age, female gender, hypercholesterolemia and diabetes were independent determining factors for significant carotid stenosis. Significant carotid stenosis has significantly higher prevalence among patients over 50 years of age. Cost benefit studies are recommended to revise the current evaluation protocols

Tuberculous involvement of the thyroid

Despite increasing detection rates of various forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis [TB], thyroid involvement with tubercle bacilli is rarely encountered and its imaging features have been reported in less than a handful of cases. Herein, we present the clinical, pathologic and imaging [ultrasound and CT scan] features of TB involvement of the thyroid gland in a 65-year-old woman who presented with a painful and rapidly enlarging thyroid mass. While reviewing fine needle aspiration results, the diagnosis of TB should be borne in mind, especially in the presence of imaging findings of a peripherally enhancing thyroid mass or thickening of the adjacent musculature and skin, the so-called dermal sign